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[17] Cicero, De officiis1.85–86 (“apud Atheniensis magnae discordiae, in nostra re publica non solum seditiones sed etiam pestifera bella civilia”), in On Duties,86–87, quoting Plato, Republic 420b (translation adapted).

[18] horace, Odes 2.1, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 56; Mendell, “Epic of Asinius Pollio”; Henderson, Fighting for Rome, 108 –59.

[19] Tacitus, Annals 1.3, quoted in Harriet I. Flower, Roman Republics (Princeton,N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010), 154 (“etiam senes plerique inter belli civilia nati: quotus quisque reliquus qui rem publicam vidisset”); Keitel,“Principate and Civil War in the Annals of Tacitus.”

[20] Gowing, “ ‘Caesar Grabs My Pen,’ ” 250.

[21] Masters, Poetry and Civil War in Lucan’s “Bellum Civile.”

[22] 关于卢坎的历史，参见Asso, ed., Brill’s Companion to Lucan书中相关章节。

[23] Lucan, In Cath Catharda; Meyer, “Middle-Irish Version of the Pharsalia of Lucan.”

[24] Rómverja Saga, ed. Helgadóttir.

[25] Dante, Convivio 4.28.13 (“quello grande poeta Lucano”); Geoffrey Chaucer,The House of Fame 3.1499, quoted in Susanna Braund, introduction to Lucan,ed. Tesoriero, Muecke, and Neal, 2– 4.

[26] Lucan, M. Annaei Lvcani Pharsalia; Grotius (“poeta phileleutheros”), quoted in Conte, Latin Literature, trans. Solodow, 451.

[27] Petronius, Satyricon 118, in Satyricon, trans. Sullivan, 109 (“ingens opus”),109–22 (Eumolpus’s poem); Virgil, Aeneid 7.45 (“maius opus”).

[28] “But,” Gibbon continued, “of what avail is tardy knowledge? Where error is irretrievable, repentance is useless.” Note from winter 1790—91, in Gibbon,History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, British Library shelf mark C.60.m.1; Bowersock, “Gibbon on Civil War and Rebellion in the Decline of the Roman Empire.”

[29] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.223 –24, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 27.

[30] Florus, Epitome 1.intro., 1.47.14, 2.3.18, 2.8.20, 2.13.4 –5, in Epitome of Roman History, trans. Foster, 5–7, 217, 233, 241, 267 (translations adapted).

[31] henderson, Fighting for Rome, pts. 1, 4; Breed, Damon, and Rossi, Citizens of Discord.

[32] “Trina bella civilia, plura externa, ac plerumque permixta.” Tacitus, Histories 1.2,in Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 5 (translation adapted).

[33] Florus, Epitome 2.13, in Epitome of Roman History, trans. Foster, 267(translation adapted).

[34] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.1–8, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 3.

[35] Núñez González, “On the Meaning of Bella Plus Quam Ciuilia (Lucan 1, 1).”

[36] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.682, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 21; Waller to Sir Ralph Hopton, June 16, 1643 (O.S.), in Coate, Cornwall in the Great Civil War and Interregnum, 1642—1660, 77.

[37] Woodman, “Poems to Historians.”

[38] Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans 3.6, 15.5, ed. and trans. Dyson, 99,639 – 40.

[39] horace, Epodes 7, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 11.

[40] Wiseman, Remus, 143.

[41] horace, Epodes 16, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 18.

[42] Sallust, The War with Catiline 16.4, in Sallust, trans. Rolfe, 17, 19, 27–28(“civile bellum exoptabant”) (translation adapted).

[43] Sallust, fragments from Histories, bk. 1, frags. 8, 10, 12, in Fragments of the Histories, trans. Ramsey, 8 –13.

[44] Varro, Di vita populi Romani, frag. 114, quoted in Wiseman, “Two-Headed State,” 26; see also Florus, Epitome 2.5.3, in Epitome of Roman History,trans. Foster, 228 (“iudiciaria lege Gracchi piserant populum Romanum et bicipitem ex una fecerant civitatem”).

[45] Tacitus, Histories 2.38, in Tacitus, Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 223(“temptamenta civilium bellorum”).

[46] Cicero, De officiis1.86, in Cicero, On Duties, 86 – 87.

[47] Tacitus, Histories 1.50, in Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 85 (“repetita bellorum civilium memoria”) (translation adapted).